Publications

@article{love2026magnetic,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Kelbert, A. and Rigler, E. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Schnepf, N. R.},
  title   = {Magnetic Storms and Geoelectric Hazards},
  year    = {2026},
  journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
  volume  = {54},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {525--557},
  doi     = {10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-012356},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-012356}
}

@article{love2025mapping,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Kelbert, A. and Rigler, E. J. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Schnepf, N. R.},
  title   = {Mapping a Carrington Storm},
  year    = {2025},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  volume  = {52},
  number  = {19},
  doi     = {10.1029/2025GL116835},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116835}
}

@article{shi2025multi,
  author  = {Shi, X. and Hartinger, M. D. and Zou, Y. and Rigler, E. J. and Weygand, J. M. and Kelbert, A. and Lucas, G. M. and Baker, J. B. H. and Angelopoulos, V.},
  title   = {{Multi-Scale} Intense Geoelectric and Geomagnetic Field Perturbations Observed After an Interplanetary Magnetic Field Turning},
  year    = {2025},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {23},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.1029/2024SW004046},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW004046}
}

@article{lee2025space,
  author    = {Lee, C. O. and Christian, E. R. and Sandoval, L. and Crabtree, A. and Desai, M. I. and Gkioulidou, M. and Heber, B. and Horbury, T. and Kistler, L. and Knuth, J. and Larsen, K. and Livi, S. and Lucas, G. M. and Matlin, D. E. and Marbois, T. and McComas, D. J. and Grant Mitchell, J. and Mukherjee, J. and Rankin, J. S. and Reno, C. and Schwadron, N. A. and Shrestha, B. L. and Skoug, R. M. and Smith, E. J. and Starkey, M. J. and Turner, D. L. and Williams, B. D. and Zirnstein, E. J.},
  title     = {Space Weather Science to Enhance Forecasting with the {NASA} {IMAP} Active Link for {Real-Time} {(I-ALiRT)} System},
  year      = {2025},
  journal   = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume    = {221},
  number    = {8},
  articleno = {117},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11214-025-01244-9},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-025-01244-9}
}

@article{love2025impact,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Kelbert, A. and Schnepf, N. R. and Bedrosian, P. A. and McBride, S. K. and Oughton, E. J.},
  title   = {The Impact of the May 1921 Superstorm on American Telecommunication Systems},
  year    = {2025},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {23},
  number  = {7},
  doi     = {10.1029/2025SW004563},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2025SW004563}
}

@article{hu2024livewire,
  author  = {Hu, A. and Camporeale, E. and Lucas, G. and Berger, T.},
  title   = {{LiveWire:} Horizontal Geoelectric Field Prediction With 1-hr {Lead-Time} Using {Multi-Fidelity} Boosted Neural Networks},
  year    = {2024},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Machine Learning and Computation},
  volume  = {1},
  number  = {4},
  doi     = {10.1029/2024JH000151},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JH000151}
}

@article{love2023march,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Rigler, E. J. and Hartinger, M. D. and Lucas, G. M. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A.},
  title   = {The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems},
  year    = {2023},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {21},
  number  = {6},
  doi     = {10.1029/2022SW003379},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003379}
}

@article{berger2023thermosphere,
  author  = {Berger, T. E. and Dominique, M. and Lucas, G. and Pilinski, M. and Ray, V. and Sewell, R. and Sutton, E. K. and Thayer, J. P. and Thiemann, E.},
  title   = {The Thermosphere Is a Drag: The 2022 Starlink Incident and the Threat of Geomagnetic Storms to Low Earth Orbit Space Operations},
  year    = {2023},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {21},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.1029/2022SW003330},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003330}
}

@article{love2022mapping,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Rigler, E. J. and Murphy, B. S. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A.},
  title   = {Mapping a Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems},
  year    = {2022},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {20},
  number  = {5},
  doi     = {10.1029/2021SW003030},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021SW003030}
}

@article{chakraborty2022modeling,
  author    = {Chakraborty, S. and Boteler, D. H. and Shi, X. and Murphy, B. S. and Hartinger, M. D. and Wang, X. and Lucas, G. and Baker, J. B. H.},
  title     = {Modeling geomagnetic induction in submarine cables},
  year      = {2022},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Physics},
  volume    = {10},
  articleno = {1022475},
  doi       = {10.3389/fphy.2022.1022475},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.1022475}
}

@article{love2021down,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Murphy, B. S. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Rigler, E. J. and Kelbert, A.},
  title   = {Down to Earth With Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse: Realistic Surface Impedance Affects Mapping of the E3 Geoelectric Hazard},
  year    = {2021},
  journal = {Earth and Space Science},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {8},
  doi     = {10.1029/2021EA001792},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001792}
}

@article{murphy2021magnetotelluric,
  author  = {Murphy, B. S. and Lucas, G. M. and Love, J. J. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Rigler, E. J.},
  title   = {Magnetotelluric Sampling and Geoelectric Hazard Estimation: Are {National-Scale} Surveys Sufficient?},
  year    = {2021},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {19},
  number  = {7},
  doi     = {10.1029/2020SW002693},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020SW002693}
}

@article{lucas2020year,
  author  = {Lucas, G. M. and Love, J. J. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Rigler, E. J.},
  title   = {A 100-year Geoelectric Hazard Analysis for the {U.S.} {High-Voltage} Power Grid},
  year    = {2020},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {18},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.1029/2019SW002329},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2019SW002329}
}

@article{kelbert2020modified,
  author  = {Kelbert, A. and Lucas, G. M.},
  title   = {Modified {GIC} Estimation Using {3-D} Earth Conductivity},
  year    = {2020},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {18},
  number  = {8},
  doi     = {10.1029/2020SW002467},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020SW002467}
}

@article{hartinger2020simultaneous,
  author  = {Hartinger, M. D. and Shi, X. and Lucas, G. M. and Murphy, B. S. and Kelbert, A. and Baker, J. B. H. and Rigler, E. J. and Bedrosian, P. A.},
  title   = {Simultaneous Observations of Geoelectric and Geomagnetic Fields Produced by Magnetospheric {ULF} Waves},
  year    = {2020},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  volume  = {47},
  number  = {18},
  doi     = {10.1029/2020GL089441},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089441}
}

@article{love2019extreme,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Kelbert, A.},
  title   = {{Extreme-Value} Geoelectric Amplitude and Polarization Across the Northeast United States},
  year    = {2019},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {17},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {379--395},
  doi     = {10.1029/2018SW002068},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW002068}
}

@article{lucas2018calculation,
  author  = {Lucas, G. M. and Love, J. J. and Kelbert, A.},
  title   = {Calculation of Voltages in Electric Power Transmission Lines During Historic Geomagnetic Storms: An Investigation Using Realistic Earth Impedances},
  year    = {2018},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {16},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {185--195},
  doi     = {10.1002/2017SW001779},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2017SW001779}
}

@article{love2018geoelectrica,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A.},
  title   = {Geoelectric Hazard Maps for the {Mid-Atlantic} United States: 100 Year Extreme Values and the 1989 Magnetic Storm},
  year    = {2018},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  volume  = {45},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {5--14},
  doi     = {10.1002/2017GL076042},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076042}
}

@article{love2018geoelectricb,
  author  = {Love, J. J. and Lucas, G. M. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A.},
  title   = {Geoelectric Hazard Maps for the Pacific Northwest},
  year    = {2018},
  journal = {Space Weather},
  volume  = {16},
  number  = {8},
  pages   = {1114--1127},
  doi     = {10.1029/2018SW001844},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001844}
}

@article{jansky2017analysis,
  author  = {J\'{a}nský, J. and Lucas, G. M. and Kalb, C. and Bayona, V. and Peterson, M. J. and Deierling, W. and Flyer, N. and Pasko, V. P.},
  title   = {Analysis of the Diurnal Variation of the Global Electric Circuit Obtained From Different Numerical Models},
  year    = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume  = {122},
  number  = {23},
  pages   = {12906--12917},
  doi     = {10.1002/2017JD026515},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026515}
}

@article{lucas2017statistical,
  author  = {Lucas, G. M. and Thayer, J. P. and Deierling, W.},
  title   = {Statistical analysis of spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric electric fields from a regional array of field mills},
  year    = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume  = {122},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {1158--1174},
  doi     = {10.1002/2016JD025944},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025944}
}

@article{bayona2015solver,
  author  = {Bayona, V. and Flyer, N. and Lucas, G. M. and Baumgaertner, A. J. G.},
  title   = {A {3-D} {RBF-FD} solver for modeling the atmospheric global electric circuit with topography {(GEC-RBFFD} v1.0)},
  year    = {2015},
  journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {10},
  pages   = {3007--3020},
  doi     = {10.5194/gmd-8-3007-2015},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3007-2015}
}

@article{lucas2015global,
  author  = {Lucas, G. M. and Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and Thayer, J. P.},
  title   = {A global electric circuit model within a community climate model},
  year    = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume  = {120},
  number  = {23},
  pages   = {12054--12066},
  doi     = {10.1002/2015JD023562},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023562}
}

@article{baumgaertner2014role,
  author  = {Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and Lucas, G. M. and Thayer, J. P. and Mallios, S. A.},
  title   = {On the role of clouds in the fair weather part of the global electric circuit},
  year    = {2014},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  volume  = {14},
  number  = {16},
  pages   = {8599--8610},
  doi     = {10.5194/acp-14-8599-2014},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8599-2014}
}

@article{liu2014winter,
  author  = {Liu, X. and Wang, W. and Thayer, J. P. and Burns, A. and Sutton, E. and Solomon, S. C. and Qian, L. and Lucas, G.},
  title   = {The winter helium bulge revisited},
  year    = {2014},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  volume  = {41},
  number  = {19},
  pages   = {6603--6609},
  doi     = {10.1002/2014GL061471},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061471}
}

@article{baumgaertner2013toward,
  author  = {Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and Thayer, J. P. and Neely, R. R. and Lucas, G.},
  title   = {Toward a comprehensive global electric circuit model: Atmospheric conductivity and its variability in {CESM1(WACCM)} model simulations},
  year    = {2013},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume  = {118},
  number  = {16},
  pages   = {9221--9232},
  doi     = {10.1002/jgrd.50725},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50725}
}

@incollection{love2019empirical,
  author    = {Love, J. J. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Kelbert, A. and Lucas, G. M.},
  title     = {Empirical Estimation of Natural Geoelectric Hazards},
  year      = {2019},
  booktitle = {Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid},
  series    = {Geophysical Monograph Series},
  volume    = {244},
  pages     = {93--105},
  doi       = {10.1002/9781119434412.ch6},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119434412.ch6}
}

@phdthesis{lucas2017investigating,
  author    = {Lucas, G. M.},
  title     = {Investigating the Physical Mechanisms That Impact Electric Fields in the Atmosphere},
  year      = {2017},
  publisher = {ProQuest Dissertations Publishing},
  school    = {University of Colorado Boulder},
  note      = {10271307},
  url       = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/29b755f4365ffaf9dee37418fe93eeb3/}
}

@techreport{akin2010finala,
  author      = {Akin, L. and others},
  title       = {Final Safety Analysis Report for the Mars Science Laboratory {MMRTG} Launch Approval Addendum},
  year        = {2010},
  institution = {Sandia National Laboratories},
  note        = {SAND2010-2547}
}

@techreport{akin2010finalb,
  author      = {Akin, L. and others},
  title       = {Final Safety Analysis Report for the Mars Science Laboratory {MMRTG} Launch Approval Addendum Update},
  year        = {2010},
  institution = {Sandia National Laboratories},
  note        = {SAND2010-5559}
}

@inproceedings{lucas2014numerical,
  author    = {Lucas, G. M. and Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and Thayer, J. P.},
  title     = {Numerical Modeling of the Global Electric Circuit},
  year      = {2014},
  booktitle = {Thunderstorm Effects on the Atmosphere-Ionosphere System Summer School, June 2014}
}

@inproceedings{lucas2013dose,
  author    = {Lucas, G. and Bixler, N. and Lipinski, R.},
  title     = {Dose Calculations for Nuclear Thermal Rocket Exhaust},
  year      = {2013},
  booktitle = {Nuclear and Emerging Technologies in Space, February 2013}
}

@inproceedings{clayton2012accident,
  author    = {Clayton, D. and Lucas, G. and Radel, T. and Wiberg, B.},
  title     = {Accident Sequence Modeling for Radioisotope Power Systems},
  year      = {2012},
  booktitle = {Nuclear and Emerging Technologies in Space, February 2012},
  url       = {https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/nets2012/pdf/3008.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{clayton2012resulting,
  author    = {Clayton, D. and Lucas, G. and Radel, T.},
  title     = {Resulting Source Term from the Mars Science Laboratory Safety Analysis},
  year      = {2012},
  booktitle = {Nuclear and Emerging Technologies in Space, February 2012},
  url       = {https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/nets2012/pdf/3009.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{clayton2012solid,
  author    = {Clayton, D. and Lucas, G.},
  title     = {Solid Propellant Behavior in Radioisotope Power Systems Accident Sequence Modeling},
  year      = {2012},
  booktitle = {Nuclear and Emerging Technologies in Space, February 2012},
  url       = {https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/nets2012/pdf/3046.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{radel2009modeling,
  author    = {Radel, T. and Lucas, G.},
  title     = {Modeling Solid Propellant Shielding Phenomena for Launch Accident Analysis},
  year      = {2009},
  booktitle = {American Nuclear Society, November 2009}
}

@inproceedings{yu2007dual,
  author    = {Yu, L. and Lucas, G. and Primak, A. and Dzyubak, O. and Liu, X. and McCollough, C.},
  title     = {{Dual-Source} {Dual-Energy} {CT} {(DECT)} Combined Images Can Provide Improved Image Quality Relative to {Single-Energy} {CT} with No Increase in Patient Dose},
  year      = {2007},
  booktitle = {Radiological Society of North America, 2007},
  note      = {Abstract 5011915}
}

@misc{lucas2018hazard,
  author       = {Lucas, G. M. and Love, J. J. and Kelbert, A. and Bedrosian, P. A. and Rigler, E. J.},
  title        = {Hazard Analysis of Geomagnetically Induced Voltages Throughout the {US} Power Grid},
  year         = {2018},
  howpublished = {Poster, AGU Fall Meeting, Washington, DC},
  doi          = {10.1002/essoar.10500157.1},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10500157.1}
}

@misc{rigler2018imputation,
  author       = {Rigler, E. J. and Lucas, G. M.},
  title        = {Imputation of Geomagnetic Disturbance Fields with {Non-Linear} Regression Based on Synthetic Data},
  year         = {2018},
  howpublished = {Poster, AGU Fall Meeting, Washington, DC},
  doi          = {10.1002/essoar.10500173.1},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10500173.1}
}

@misc{lucas2015magnetospheric,
  author       = {Lucas, G. M. and Thayer, J. P.},
  title        = {Magnetospheric Coupling to the Global Electric Circuit},
  year         = {2015},
  howpublished = {Poster, CEDAR Workshop, Seattle, WA}
}

@misc{lucas2014model,
  author       = {Lucas, G. M. and Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and Thayer, J. P. and Bayona, V. and Flyer, N.},
  title        = {Model Simulations of the Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of the Global Electric Circuit Using a Consistent {3D} Model Framework},
  year         = {2014},
  howpublished = {Poster, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA},
  url          = {https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm14/meetingapp.cgi#Paper/18198}
}

@misc{lucas2013analytic,
  author       = {Lucas, G. and Baumgaertner, A. and Thayer, J.},
  title        = {Analytic Model of the Global Electric Circuit},
  year         = {2013},
  howpublished = {Poster, CEDAR Workshop, Boulder, CO}
}

@misc{lucas2013modeling,
  author       = {Lucas, G. M. and Lehto, E. and Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and Thayer, J. P. and Forbes, J. M. and Zhang, X.},
  title        = {Modeling the Electrical Characteristics of the Global Electric Circuit},
  year         = {2013},
  howpublished = {Poster, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA}
}

@misc{lucas2011microstructural,
  author       = {Lucas, G.},
  title        = {Microstructural Evolution of Iridium Cladding},
  year         = {2011},
  howpublished = {Poster, International Nuclear Fuels Conference, Cambridge, UK}
}